pH Sensor（KWS-700）
The pH sensor (or pH electrode) is an instrument used to measure the acidity or alkalinity (pH value) of a liquid solution. The pH value is an indicator of the hydrogen ion concentration in the solution, typically ranging from 0 to 14. A pH value below 7 indicates acidity, above 7 indicates alkalinity, and a pH value of 7 indicates neutrality. pH sensors are widely used in various fields, including environmental monitoring, chemical industry, food processing, water treatment, agriculture, and laboratory analysis.
The pH sensor provides real-time pH values by measuring the changes in the hydrogen ion concentration in the solution, helping users understand the acidity or alkalinity of the liquid and enabling necessary adjustments or control.
COD Sensor（KWS-100）
The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) sensor is a device used to measure the organic content in water samples or other liquids. COD is an important indicator of the concentration of organic pollutants in water. The higher the COD value, the more severe the organic pollution in the water. COD sensors can measure the COD levels in real-time, helping water treatment plants, environmental monitoring agencies, and industrial production to effectively monitor water quality and ensure ecological safety and regulatory compliance for water discharge.
What is Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)?
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) refers to the amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic substances in water using a strong oxidizing agent (usually potassium dichromate) under specific conditions. This indicator reflects the total amount of organic matter in the water, including both biodegradable and non-biodegradable components. A higher COD value indicates a greater presence of organic pollutants in the water.
COD Units:
COD is typically measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L).
COD values for normal water quality:
Clean water: Generally 1-5 mg/L.
Wastewater: Usually above 50 mg/L.
Highly polluted water: Can reach hundreds or even thousands of mg/L.
Ammonia Nitrogen Sensor（KWS-200）
The Ammonia Nitrogen Sensor (NH₃-N Sensor) is a specialized sensor used to measure the concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) in water. Ammonia nitrogen is an important parameter in water quality monitoring, especially in wastewater treatment, industrial effluent discharge, agricultural irrigation water sources, and the monitoring of pollution in natural water bodies. Ammonia nitrogen sensors are widely used in environmental protection, water quality testing, wastewater treatment, and aquaculture, to monitor real-time changes in ammonia nitrogen concentration, ensuring water quality safety and compliance with relevant discharge standards.
What is Ammonia Nitrogen?
Ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) refers to nitrogen present in water in the form of ammonia gas (NH₃) or ammonium ions (NH₄⁺). Ammonia nitrogen is a common water pollutant, especially found in industrial effluents, agricultural wastewater, and aquaculture wastewater.
Main Sources of Ammonia Nitrogen:
Agricultural Activities: Fertilizer application, animal manure, etc.
Industrial Emissions: Wastewater discharge from industries such as fertilizer production, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc.
Domestic Sewage: Domestic wastewater contains nitrogen, especially ammonia nitrogen.
Aquaculture: Ammonia nitrogen emissions are significant during aquaculture processes.
Hazards of Ammonia Nitrogen:
Water Pollution: Excessive ammonia nitrogen concentration can lead to eutrophication of water bodies, promoting algae growth, which in turn affects the ecological balance of the water.
Toxicity to Organisms: Ammonia nitrogen is toxic to aquatic organisms, especially fish. Its effects are more pronounced in low-temperature environments.
Increased Water Treatment Difficulty: High concentrations of ammonia nitrogen can make wastewater treatment more complex, requiring more oxygen and chemical reagents.
Salinity Sensor（KWS-500）
The salinity sensor is a device used to measure the concentration of salts in water. Salinity is an indicator of the concentration of dissolved salts in water. It is an important water quality parameter in many fields, especially in oceanography, fisheries, agricultural irrigation, aquaculture, and wastewater treatment. The salinity sensor can monitor changes in salt levels in real-time, playing a significant role in water quality monitoring, pollution warning, and environmental protection.
What is Salinity?
Salinity refers to the total concentration of dissolved salts in a water body, typically expressed in parts per thousand (ppt) or milligrams per liter (mg/L).
Seawater Salinity: The salinity of seawater is approximately 35 ppt (or 35,000 mg/L), which is a typical value for normal ocean waters.
Freshwater Salinity: Freshwater salinity is usually less than 1 ppt (or 1,000 mg/L), and when the salinity exceeds 1 ppt, the water body begins to show signs of salinization.
Salinity and Water Quality:
Salinity not only affects the osmotic pressure of water but also influences the growth, reproduction, and physical-chemical properties of aquatic organisms.
Dissolved Oxygen Sensor（KWS-630）
The dissolved oxygen sensor is a device used to measure the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water. Dissolved oxygen refers to the free oxygen present in water, typically in the form of oxygen molecules, and is vital for the survival of aquatic organisms. The concentration of dissolved oxygen is also an important indicator in water quality monitoring, reflecting the health, pollution levels, and self-purification capacity of water bodies.
What is Dissolved Oxygen?
Dissolved oxygen (DO) refers to the concentration of oxygen molecules dissolved in water. Oxygen in water is typically dissolved through contact with the air or released by aquatic plants during photosynthesis.
Normal DO Concentrations in Water Bodies:
Generally, the dissolved oxygen concentration in natural water bodies ranges from 5-12 mg/L. Factors such as water temperature, atmospheric pressure, and gas solubility can affect the concentration of dissolved oxygen.
Aquatic Organisms’ Requirements:
Most aquatic organisms require sufficient DO to survive. It is generally considered that when the dissolved oxygen concentration in water falls below 3 mg/L, aquatic organisms may experience oxygen deficiency and could potentially die.
Factors Affecting DO Levels:
Water temperature, water flow speed, organic matter degradation in the water, and algae photosynthesis are some of the factors that can influence the DO levels in water.
Turbidity Sensor（KWS-900）
The turbidity sensor is a device used to measure the cloudiness or turbidity of water. Turbidity typically reflects the concentration of suspended solids in water. These suspended solids can include sediments, microorganisms, organic matter, minerals, algae, and impurities in wastewater. Measuring turbidity is crucial for assessing water quality, evaluating water treatment effectiveness, and monitoring environmental pollution. Turbidity sensors are commonly used in fields such as drinking water, aquaculture, wastewater treatment, and the monitoring of rivers and lakes.
What is Turbidity?
Turbidity refers to the degree to which suspended particles in water scatter and absorb light, and it is typically measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU). The higher the NTU value, the more turbid the water. Turbidity values reflect the concentration of suspended particles that block light and affect the clarity of the water.
Turbidity Levels:
Low Turbidity (<5 NTU): Clear water, usually indicating good water quality.
Moderate Turbidity (5-50 NTU): Water quality may be polluted, with a higher concentration of suspended solids.
High Turbidity (>50 NTU): Poor water quality, indicating significant pollution.
Turbidity is a critical parameter in water quality monitoring, especially in drinking water, wastewater treatment, and environmental monitoring. Turbidity measurements are vital for determining the purification process of water, identifying pollution sources, and assessing the health of aquatic ecosystems.
Free Chlorine Sensor（KWS-3000）
The free chlorine sensor is a device used to measure the concentration of residual chlorine (free chlorine) in water. Residual chlorine refers to the chlorine that remains in water after chlorination during the disinfection process. It mainly consists of chlorine molecules, chlorate ions, and chloride ions, providing a certain level of water disinfection. The concentration of residual chlorine is a very important parameter in water quality monitoring, especially in drinking water, wastewater treatment, swimming pools, etc. The concentration of residual chlorine directly affects the safety and disinfection effectiveness of the water.
What is Residual Chlorine?
Residual chlorine refers to the chlorine components left in water after chlorination, which includes free chlorine (free chlorine) and combined chlorine (chloramine). Free chlorine generally refers to chlorine gas (Cl₂), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), and hypochlorite ions (OCl⁻). The higher the concentration of free chlorine, the stronger the disinfection effect, but excessively high concentrations may be harmful to human health. Combined chlorine is primarily formed when chlorine reacts with ammonia or nitrogen compounds in water, indicating that the disinfectant has been consumed or reacted.
The concentration of residual chlorine should be within a certain range, ensuring both disinfection effectiveness and no harmful effects on human health.
Drinking Water Residual Chlorine Concentration:
Typically between 0.2-0.5 mg/L. Excessive residual chlorine can affect the taste of the water and have adverse effects on human health.
Swimming Pool Residual Chlorine Concentration:
Typically needs to be maintained between 1-3 mg/L to ensure sterilization and disinfection, but should not be too high.
Industrial Wastewater and Sewage Treatment:
Used to ensure the effectiveness of the disinfection process and prevent the presence of harmful pathogens.
Conductivity Sensor（KWS-300）
The conductivity sensor is a device used to measure the conductivity (i.e., the ability of a solution to conduct electricity) of a solution. Conductivity is an important indicator of ion concentration in a solution and is commonly used to evaluate water quality, ion concentration in solutions, and ionic activity in chemical reactions. Conductivity sensors are widely applied in water treatment, environmental monitoring, chemical process control, food processing, and various other fields.
What is Conductivity?
Conductivity (EC) refers to a solution’s ability to conduct electrical current, with units measured in Siemens per meter (S/m). It is closely related to the concentration of dissolved ions in the solution, the types of ions, and their mobility. The higher the ion concentration in the solution, the higher the conductivity typically is.
Low Conductivity:
A low ion concentration in the water usually indicates higher purity water.
High Conductivity:
Indicates a high concentration of ions in the solution, typically meaning the water contains dissolved salts, minerals, or pollutants.
Conductivity is a very useful water quality parameter, especially in areas such as drinking water, wastewater treatment, seawater monitoring, and agricultural irrigation.
Oil-in-Water Sensor (KWS-1000)
The Oil-in-Water Sensor is an instrument used to detect the concentration of oil substances (such as petroleum, diesel, vegetable oils, etc.) in water. It can effectively monitor oil contamination in water and provide real-time data for water quality management and pollution control. Oil contamination is one of the major forms of water pollution, and excessive oil substances have severe impacts on the environment, ecosystems, and aquatic life. Therefore, monitoring oil in water is of significant importance in industrial wastewater treatment, environmental protection, and drinking water safety.
What is Oil in Water?
Oil in water refers to oil substances suspended or dissolved in water, usually originating from industrial wastewater, oil spills, mechanical operations, or agricultural activities. When the concentration of oil in water is low, it typically exists as tiny oil droplets or oil films. The presence of oil in water not only affects water quality but can also lead to eutrophication, degradation of aquatic habitats, and, in extreme cases, ecological disasters.
Total Hardness Sensor（ KWS-7000）
The Total Hardness Sensor is an instrument used to measure the total concentration of calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions in water. Water hardness is an important parameter in water quality monitoring, primarily caused by the dissolved calcium and magnesium ions in water. These minerals affect the properties and usability of water. Excessive water hardness can lead to scaling and affect the lifespan of pipes and equipment, making the monitoring of total hardness crucial in the water treatment process.
The Total Hardness Sensor can accurately and in real-time measure the total concentration of these mineral ions in water, providing the necessary data to implement effective water quality management measures.
What is Total Hardness of Water?
Total hardness of water refers to the hardness caused by all soluble minerals in the water, including calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), and other potentially present mineral ions (such as iron, manganese, etc.). Total hardness is typically represented by the concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions, and is usually measured in mg/L (milligrams per liter) or ppm (parts per million).
Main Sources of Total Hardness:
The main source of hardness in water comes from the calcium and magnesium minerals in natural water sources. When water flows through rocks, soils, and other strata containing these minerals, it dissolves the calcium and magnesium ions, leading to increased hardness.
Water hardness can be classified as:
Soft water: Hardness is relatively low, usually below 60 mg/L.
Moderately hard water: Hardness ranges from 60 to 120 mg/L.
Hard water: Hardness ranges from 120 to 180 mg/L.
Very hard water: Hardness exceeds 180 mg/L.
Nitrate Nitrogen Sensor（KWS-280）
The Nitrate Nitrogen Sensor is an instrument used to measure the concentration of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) in water. Nitrate nitrogen is an important parameter in water quality monitoring and is typically used to assess the eutrophication level of water bodies. Excessive nitrate nitrogen concentration may have adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health, especially when high nitrate levels in water sources can lead to conditions such as blue baby syndrome and drinking water contamination. Therefore, the nitrate nitrogen sensor is a key device for monitoring water quality and ensuring water safety.
What is Nitrate Nitrogen?
Nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) refers to nitrogen present in water in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻). It primarily comes from agricultural fertilization, domestic sewage, industrial discharge, and atmospheric pollution. High concentrations of nitrate nitrogen in water can lead to eutrophication, promoting the excessive growth of algae, causing algal blooms, and resulting in oxygen depletion, which can negatively affect aquatic life.
Excessive nitrate nitrogen concentration can also pose potential health risks to humans, especially in drinking water. High levels of nitrate nitrogen can cause methemoglobinemia (blue baby syndrome), which prevents infants’ blood from effectively carrying oxygen, and in severe cases, can be life-threatening.
The concentration of nitrate nitrogen in water is usually expressed in mg/L (milligrams per liter) or ppm (parts per million). Common water quality standards are:
Drinking water: Generally should not exceed 10 mg/L NO₃⁻-N.
Natural water bodies: Generally should be below 5 mg/L NO₃⁻-N.
Fluoride Ion（KWS-4000）
The Fluoride Ion Sensor is an instrument specifically designed to measure the concentration of fluoride ions (F⁻) in water or solutions. Fluoride ions are commonly found in natural water bodies, industrial wastewater, and drinking water. If the fluoride concentration exceeds the prescribed limit, it can pose a threat to human health and the environment. Therefore, monitoring the concentration of fluoride ions in water is crucial for water quality management, drinking water safety, and environmental protection.
What are Fluoride Ions?
Fluoride ions (F⁻) are negatively charged ions formed by the element fluorine in water. Fluoride is widely used in various fields, particularly in industrial production such as metallurgy, bauxite processing, and fertilizer manufacturing. However, excessive fluoride presence can have serious health effects, especially on bones and teeth. Overexposure to fluoride ions can lead to fluoride toxicity, resulting in symptoms like osteoporosis, bone sclerosis, and dental fluorosis.
Fluoride concentration is usually expressed in mg/L (milligrams per liter) or ppm (parts per million). Common water quality standards are:
Fluoride ion concentration in drinking water: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that the fluoride ion concentration in drinking water should not exceed 1.5 mg/L.
Industrial wastewater: Many industrial sectors discharge fluoride compounds into wastewater, with the fluoride concentration generally required to be below 5 mg/L.
Calcium Ion（KIS100）
The Calcium Ion Sensor is a device specifically designed to measure the concentration of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) in water or solutions. Calcium ions are important in both biological systems and water quality analysis. They are widely present in water, soil, and living organisms, playing a critical role in biochemical processes. The calcium ion sensor is vital in many application areas, especially in water quality monitoring, environmental protection, food processing, and medical diagnostics.
What are Calcium Ions?
Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) are the ionic form of calcium, commonly found in dissolved form in water. Calcium is one of the most abundant mineral elements on Earth, often combining with other elements such as carbonates (CaCO₃) or phosphates (Ca₃(PO₄)₂) to form sediments. The concentration of calcium ions in water significantly impacts water quality. In biological systems, calcium ions play a crucial role in processes such as the formation of bones and teeth, the conduction of nerve signals, and muscle contraction.
Calcium ion concentration is typically expressed in mg/L (milligrams per liter) or ppm (parts per million).
Cyanobacteria Sensor（KWS-410）
The Cyanobacteria Sensor is a device specifically designed to monitor the quantity and population dynamics of cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae or algae) in water. Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms found in water, but in nutrient-rich environments, they can rapidly proliferate and form “algal blooms,” which have severe impacts on water quality, ecosystems, and human health. Therefore, monitoring the growth of cyanobacteria is essential for water quality management, environmental protection, and public health.
What are Cyanobacteria?
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, are photosynthetic bacteria widely present in aquatic environments. Cyanobacteria can convert carbon dioxide in water into organic material through photosynthesis. However, under specific conditions such as water eutrophication (especially when rich in nitrogen and phosphorus), they can overgrow and form algal blooms. These blooms not only affect the appearance, smell, and transparency of the water but may also release toxic substances (such as microcystins), which can harm water quality, the ecosystem, and human health.
Chlorophyll Sensor（KWS-400）
The Chlorophyll Sensor is a device used to monitor the chlorophyll content in water bodies or plants. Chlorophyll is a key pigment in plants and algae that facilitates photosynthesis, and its concentration reflects the activity and growth status of plants or phytoplankton in water. Chlorophyll sensors are widely used in water quality monitoring, agriculture, environmental protection, and other fields, particularly when studying plant health, water eutrophication, and ecosystem changes.
Basic Concept of Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria, responsible for capturing sunlight and conducting photosynthesis, converting it into energy needed by plants. There are various forms of chlorophyll, with the most common being chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.
Chlorophyll a: The primary chlorophyll found in all photosynthetic plants and algae, responsible for absorbing sunlight and conducting photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll b: Mainly found in higher plants, assisting chlorophyll a in absorbing light energy to aid photosynthesis.
The concentration of chlorophyll a is commonly used as an indicator to measure the quantity of algae and the degree of eutrophication in water bodies.
Hexavalent Chromium Sensor（KHC600）
The Hexavalent Chromium Sensor is an instrument used to monitor the concentration of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in water or other environments. Hexavalent chromium is a highly toxic chemical widely used in industrial processes, but it poses significant hazards to the environment and human health. Therefore, the hexavalent chromium sensor plays an important role in environmental monitoring, wastewater treatment, and industrial discharge regulation.
What is Hexavalent Chromium (Cr(VI))?
Hexavalent chromium (Chromium(VI)) is a chromium ion in the +6 oxidation state, usually existing in the form of chromates, dichromates, or their salts. It is widely used in industries such as metal plating, dye production, leather tanning, wood preservatives, and paints.
Hexavalent chromium itself is a strong oxidizing agent and highly toxic, causing significant harm to human health and the environment. Especially when it enters water bodies, hexavalent chromium not only has toxic effects on aquatic organisms but also poses a potential threat to human health. If ingested, it can cause cancer, liver damage, kidney damage, and skin ulcers, among other health issues. Therefore, monitoring the concentration of hexavalent chromium in water is crucial for environmental protection and public health.
Volatile Phenols Sensor（KVP600）
The Volatile Phenols Sensor is an instrument used to detect volatile phenolic compounds in water, air, or wastewater. Volatile phenols, including phenol and its derivatives, are highly toxic and irritating chemicals commonly found in industrial wastewater, petrochemical products, wood treatment, refining processes, and more.
Pollution from volatile phenols can severely impact water quality, and even endanger aquatic life and human health. Therefore, the volatile phenols sensor plays a crucial role in water quality monitoring, industrial discharge control, and environmental protection.
Overview of Volatile Phenolic Compounds
Volatile phenols refer to phenolic compounds that can evaporate and volatilize at room temperature. The most common volatile phenol is phenol (C6H6OH), which has a strong, irritating odor and is harmful to humans. Volatile phenols include, but are not limited to:
Phenol (C6H6OH)
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
Chlorophenol
Volatile phenolic compounds are highly toxic, especially to the growth, reproduction, and survival of aquatic organisms. They also have potential carcinogenic effects and pose long-term health risks to humans, possibly leading to skin irritation, nervous system damage, respiratory issues, and more.
Total Phosphorus Sensor（KTP600）
The Total Phosphorus Sensor is an instrument used to measure the concentration of total phosphorus (TP) in water. Total phosphorus is an important parameter in water quality testing, commonly used to assess the eutrophication level of water bodies. Phosphorus is one of the common nutrients in water, and excessive phosphorus can lead to eutrophication, causing issues like algal blooms and hypoxia, which negatively affect aquatic life and water quality safety.
Overview of Total Phosphorus
Total Phosphorus (TP) refers to the sum of all forms of phosphorus in a water sample, including dissolved phosphorus, particulate phosphorus, and both organic and inorganic phosphorus. The main sources of phosphorus include agricultural runoff (such as fertilizers and manure), industrial wastewater, and domestic sewage. Common forms of phosphorus include:
Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus (DIP): such as phosphate salts and other forms of dissolved inorganic phosphorus.
Particulate Phosphorus: such as phosphorus adsorbed onto suspended particles.
Organic Phosphorus: such as phosphorus in plant and animal organic matter.
Total phosphorus is commonly used to represent the concentration of all forms of phosphorus in a water body and serves as an important indicator for assessing the nutritional status of water and preventing eutrophication.
Total Nitrogen Sensor（KTN600）
The Total Nitrogen Sensor is an instrument used to measure the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) in water. Total nitrogen refers to the sum of all forms of nitrogen in a water sample, including dissolved nitrogen, particulate nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and organic nitrogen. The concentration of total nitrogen is commonly used to assess the nutritional status of water, and it is especially important for indicating the level of eutrophication in water bodies.
Nitrogen is one of the main nutrients in water, but excessive nitrogen discharge can lead to water eutrophication, which in turn causes a series of environmental issues such as algal blooms (excessive growth of algae), hypoxia, and ecological imbalance. Therefore, monitoring the total nitrogen concentration in water is critical for water quality protection, pollution control, and ecological restoration.
Overview of Total Nitrogen
Total Nitrogen (TN) is the sum of all forms of nitrogen in a water sample, typically including the following nitrogen forms:
Ammonia Nitrogen (NH₄⁺): Ammonia nitrogen is one of the inorganic nitrogen forms found in water. Its concentration is usually higher, especially when the pH of the water is lower, making ammonia nitrogen more stable.
Nitrate Nitrogen (NO₃⁻): Nitrate nitrogen is formed from the oxidation of ammonia nitrogen or organic nitrogen. High concentrations of nitrate nitrogen are toxic to aquatic life, especially when present in large amounts in the water.
Nitrite Nitrogen (NO₂⁻): Nitrite nitrogen is an intermediate product in the nitrogen cycle. It usually appears as a transient substance during the conversion of ammonia nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen.
Organic Nitrogen: Such as amino acids, proteins, and urea. Organic nitrogen in water typically comes from agricultural runoff, industrial wastewater, and domestic sewage.
Particulate Nitrogen: Present in water through suspended particles, such as sediments. Particulate nitrogen typically originates from soil erosion or the decomposition of organic matter.
An increase in total nitrogen concentration is usually closely related to activities such as agricultural fertilization, urban wastewater, and industrial discharges. Excessive total nitrogen emissions lead to eutrophication, which in turn affects water quality and the ecological environment.
Total Chromium Sensor（KTR600）
The Total Chromium Sensor is an instrument used to measure the concentration of total chromium (Total Chromium, Cr) in a water sample. Chromium is a heavy metal element widely used in industrial fields such as electroplating, steel manufacturing, and chemical production. However, untreated chromium discharge can have serious environmental and ecological impacts.
Chromium exists in two main forms in the environment: hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺) and trivalent chromium (Cr³⁺). Hexavalent chromium is a highly toxic substance that poses significant risks to human health and aquatic life, making it a key indicator in water quality testing. Trivalent chromium, on the other hand, has lower toxicity in the environment but still requires monitoring under certain conditions.
Total chromium refers to all forms of chromium in a water sample, including the sum of both hexavalent and trivalent chromium. In water quality monitoring, measuring the total chromium concentration helps assess the extent of chromium pollution in water bodies and informs the development of appropriate pollution control and remediation measures.
Total Iron Sensor（KTI600）
The Total Iron Sensor is an instrument used to detect the total iron concentration in water samples. Iron (Fe) is a common metal element in water, and it primarily exists in water as soluble iron (such as ferrous iron Fe²⁺) and insoluble iron (such as ferric iron Fe³⁺). Total iron refers to all forms of iron in water, including both dissolved and suspended iron.
The Total Iron Sensor helps users monitor water quality by continuously measuring the iron concentration in water, especially in environments like groundwater, industrial wastewater, and drinking water where iron contamination may occur. High levels of iron pollution can affect the color and taste of water, and in some cases, may harm aquatic life. Therefore, monitoring the total iron concentration in water is crucial.
Total Zinc Sensor（KTZ600）
The Total Zinc Sensor is an instrument specifically designed to detect the concentration of all forms of zinc in water, including both dissolved and suspended zinc. Zinc is a common metal element that may exist in various forms in natural water bodies, wastewater, and drinking water, such as divalent zinc (Zn²⁺) or bound forms of zinc (such as zinc salts, zinc complexes, etc.).
The Total Zinc Sensor helps assess the extent of zinc pollution in water by measuring the concentration of all these forms of zinc in water samples, preventing excessive zinc from negatively affecting the environment and living organisms.
Total Silver Sensor（KTY600）
The Total Silver Sensor is an instrument used to measure the concentration of all forms of silver in water, including both dissolved and suspended silver. Silver (Ag) is a highly toxic heavy metal element that is commonly found in industrial wastewater, exhaust gases, agricultural wastewater, and natural water bodies.
The Total Silver Sensor helps assess the level of silver contamination in water by detecting all forms of silver in water samples (such as silver ions, silver complexes, etc.), and supports water quality monitoring, environmental protection, and pollution control efforts.
Total Copper Sensor（KTC600）
The Total Copper Sensor is an instrument specifically designed to measure the concentration of all forms of copper in water, including both dissolved and suspended copper. Copper is a common heavy metal element widely used in industries, particularly in electroplating, metallurgy, electricity, and construction. While copper plays a physiological role in small amounts, when its concentration becomes too high, it poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Therefore, monitoring the total copper concentration in water is crucial for water quality management and environmental protection.
Total Aluminum Sensor（KTA600）
The Total Aluminum Sensor is an instrument used to measure the concentration of all forms of aluminum in water, including both dissolved and suspended aluminum. Aluminum (Al) is one of the most abundant metal elements in the Earth’s crust, and it typically exists in water in the form of aluminum salts, aluminum ions, and other compounds. Although aluminum itself is not particularly toxic, excessive accumulation may have negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems, the environment, and human health. Especially in acidic waters, aluminum has a higher solubility. Therefore, monitoring the total aluminum concentration in water is crucial for water quality protection and environmental management.
Total Antimony Sensor（KTB600）
The Total Antimony Sensor is an instrument used to measure the concentration of all forms of antimony (Sb) in water. Antimony is a metalloid element that typically exists in water as antimony ions (such as Sb3+ and Sb5+) or antimony compounds. Antimony and its compounds are widely used in various industrial fields such as alloys, electronics, glass manufacturing, and dyes. However, when the concentration of antimony and its compounds in water is too high, it can have negative effects on aquatic ecosystems and human health. Therefore, monitoring the concentration of antimony in water is crucial for environmental protection and water quality management.
Total Lead Sensor（KTL600）
The Total Lead Sensor is an instrument used to measure the concentration of all forms of lead (Pb) in water. Lead is a toxic heavy metal element that is widely used in industries such as construction, electronics, metallurgy, and chemicals. Due to its long-term environmental stability and high toxicity, the accumulation of lead in water poses a serious threat to aquatic life and human health. Therefore, monitoring the concentration of lead in water is crucial for protecting the ecological environment, ensuring water quality safety, and preventing health hazards.
Sulfide Sensor（KSU600）
The Sulfide Sensor is an instrument used to measure the concentration of sulfides (H₂S or other sulfides) in water. Sulfides are common pollutants, usually discharged into water bodies from sources such as industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, and decaying organic matter. Sulfides, especially hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), have a strong odor and toxicity, posing potential threats to aquatic life and human health. The Sulfide Sensor can monitor the concentration of sulfides in real-time, helping with environmental monitoring and water quality management to prevent pollution and protect ecosystems and public health.
Sulfides in water include dissolved hydrogen sulfide, acid-soluble metal sulfides, as well as insoluble sulfides and organic sulfides. The sulfides typically measured are the dissolved and acid-soluble forms. Even small concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (just a few milligrams per liter) can cause an abnormal odor in water. Hydrogen sulfide is highly toxic, affecting cytochromes and oxidases, leading to oxygen deprivation in cellular tissues and even life-threatening conditions. Moreover, hydrogen sulfide can oxidize to form sulfuric acid under bacterial action, corroding metal equipment and pipelines. Therefore, sulfides are a significant indicator of water pollution.
Cyanide Sensor（KCY600）
The Cyanide Sensor is an instrument specifically designed to measure the concentration of cyanide (CN⁻) in water or gas. Cyanides are a group of chemical compounds containing a cyanide group (C≡N), commonly found in industries such as chemicals, mining, metal smelting, agriculture, and plastic manufacturing. Cyanides are highly toxic and can rapidly affect the respiratory systems of organisms, causing severe harm to both humans and aquatic life even at low concentrations. The Cyanide Sensor helps detect cyanide contamination in water, providing real-time monitoring of environmental pollution levels, thereby ensuring water quality safety and ecological health.
